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medieval worlds • no. 24 • 2026
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Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
A-1011 Wien, Dr. Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2
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DATUM, UNTERSCHRIFT / DATE, SIGNATURE
BANK AUSTRIA CREDITANSTALT, WIEN (IBAN AT04 1100 0006 2280 0100, BIC BKAUATWW), DEUTSCHE BANK MÜNCHEN (IBAN DE16 7007 0024 0238 8270 00, BIC DEUTDEDBMUC)
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medieval worlds • no. 24 • 2026, pp. 129-163, 2026/07/01
In the first part, this article presents a concise overview of brief or longer passages in early and high medieval historiography that deal with ethnic origins, and their context, ranging from the relatively extensive accounts in Jordanes’ Getica and the Origo gentis Langobardorum or the Frankish myth of Trojan ancestry, to the scattered brief references about Burgundian origins, the different versions of Anglo-Saxon and Irish migration legends, and to Cosmas on the Bohemians and other accounts of the origins of the new kingdoms of eastern Europe. It then addresses some of the key questions of the often-controversial debates in recent research: Were these narratives mainly based on classical ethnography, and thus products of outside perceptions? To what degree could they reflect indigenous traditions? And what impact did they have on the cohesion of a group, a community, a people? The article argues that these legends should not be dismissed altogether as Roman literary fictions, but assessed individually for the amount of non-ethnographic elements they contain. Instead, it proposes not to place their creation into a binary between Roman literary fiction and authentic indigenous tradition. To a considerable extent, Romans and »barbarians« shared an ontology and an epistemology that relied on supernatural agency, genealogies including divine ancestors, and animal spirits. It was only Christianity that changed some of these paradigms. Therefore, what we can observe over time is a tendency by Christian writers to distance themselves, subvert or omit »barbarian« ontologies now considered as pagan. Still, even Christian clerics such as Paul the Deacon did include »ridiculous fables« about Germanic divinities in their texts, so they must have mattered to their audience.
Keywords: Early Middle Ages, origin myths, historiography, Goths, Longobards, Romans, ethnography, epistemology, ontology, identity