medieval worlds • no. 18 • 2023
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medieval worlds • no. 18 • 2023, pp. 159-181, 2023/06/30
This paper looks at the cosmological texts of the eminent Sufi al-Ḥusayn b. Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj (d. 309 AH/922 CE) through the prism of pseudo-Empedocles’s influence. The medieval scholar Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Daylamī was the first to juxtapose pseudo-Empedoclean doctrine and al-Ḥallāj’s passionate love (maḥabba). A connection between the two was postulated by L. Massignon, who reconstructed the line of succession of the Baghdad believers in pseudo-Empedocles’s ideas and assumed a link between the Nestorian monastery of Dayr Qunnā and these ideas. Analysing al-Ḥallāj’s cosmology reveals an influence of some pseudo-Empedoclean ideas as they appear in Arabic sources. Al-Ḥallāj’s fragmentary works and his quotations will be examined by considering some fragments in al-Daylamī’s Kitāb ʿAṭf al-alif, a Persian text from the Sharḥ al-shaṭḥiyāt of Rūzbihān Baqlī, and some fragments from al-Sulamī’s Tafsīr. There are also short cosmological fragments in the Kitāb al-Ṭawāsīn, and some are known from quotations. Several concepts such as azal, khiṭāb (as logos), qudra, dahr, maʿānī, and ṣuwar are encountered in pseudo-Empedocles’s texts. For al-Ḥallāj, the crucial concept in creation is passionate love (ʿishq, maḥabba), which serves as the catalyst for creation. Desire (mashī ̉a) is the first mode of the divine essence. Divine eternity (azal) is opposed to perpetuity (dahr). In al-Ḥallāj’s cosmology we find the concept of secrets (asrār) that resemble maʿānī. But at the same time, they resemble intelligent matter underlying the higher world. The question of two creations in these texts seems to go back to the understanding of the creation of the materia prima (ʿunṣur) and material bodies (the first and second creations). Al-Ḥallāj’s source for these ideas was probably connected with the Nestorian church, and this may go some way toward explaining the links between the Sufis of Baghdad and the Christian milieu in monasteries such as Dayr Qunnā.
Keywords: al-Ḥallāj, pseudo-Empedocles, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Daylamī, Rūzbihān Baqlī, eternity (azal), passionate love (ʿishq), love (maḥabba), desire (mashī ̉a)